Stem Cell Research & Clinical Studies | The Stem Cell Club

Scientific Research & Evidence

Peer-reviewed studies supporting the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine

Understanding the Science

The field of regenerative medicine has experienced remarkable growth over the past two decades, with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) emerging as one of the most promising therapeutic tools. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs, in particular, have demonstrated significant potential due to their unique properties and ethical sourcing.

Key Scientific Findings

  • MSCs do not replace damaged tissue but work through paracrine signaling—secreting growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles that modulate inflammation and stimulate tissue repair
  • Umbilical cord MSCs offer advantages over bone marrow-derived cells: painless collection, faster self-renewal, higher proliferation rates, and no ethical concerns
  • Clinical trials have shown safety and efficacy across numerous conditions including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disorders, and degenerative diseases
  • Over 119 clinical trials using umbilical cord MSCs are registered on ClinicalTrials.gov

Expert Presentations: The Science of Stem Cells

Watch Dr. Neil Riordan, founder of the Stem Cell Institute in Panama, present comprehensive information about mesenchymal stem cells, their mechanisms of action, and clinical applications.

Additional Educational Videos

Q&A: Food Intolerances & Autoimmune Disorders

Dr. Riordan answers common questions about stem cell therapy for autoimmune conditions, food sensitivities, and long-term treatment outcomes.

Clinical Applications & Patient Outcomes

Learn about real patient outcomes, treatment protocols, and the science behind UC-MSC therapy for various conditions.

What Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)?

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various cell types. However, current research demonstrates that their therapeutic effects are primarily mediated through paracrine mechanisms rather than direct cell replacement.

How MSCs Work

Rather than becoming new tissue, MSCs function as “repair coordinators” by:

  • Secreting Growth Factors: Including VEGF, TGF-β, PDGF, IGF, and IGFBP that promote tissue regeneration
  • Releasing Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: Such as IL-10, IL-1RA, TNF-RI, TNF-RII, and TIMP-1/TIMP-2 that reduce chronic inflammation
  • Producing Extracellular Vesicles: Including exosomes containing RNA, proteins, and mitochondria that communicate with damaged cells
  • Modulating Immune Response: Suppressing overactive immune cells while promoting regulatory T cells

A landmark 2008 study demonstrated this mechanism: when human umbilical cord MSCs were placed in a biodegradable gel at the site of severed rat spinal cords, the cords regenerated. However, analysis revealed that none of the human cells had become part of the nervous system—they remained between nerve fibers, secreting factors that stimulated natural repair.

Why Umbilical Cord MSCs?

Advantages of UC-MSCs

  • Younger, More Potent Cells: Newborn MSCs divide every 24 hours in culture, compared to every 48 hours for middle-aged cells. This means exponentially more therapeutic capacity
  • Superior Proliferation: Higher expansion capacity and differentiation potential compared to adult tissue-derived MSCs
  • Low Immunogenicity: Can be used allogenically with minimal rejection risk
  • Rich in Bioactive Factors: Contains high concentrations of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles
  • Ethical Sourcing: Obtained from donated umbilical cord tissue after healthy births—no embryos or fetuses destroyed
  • Quality Control: Allows for rigorous screening, testing, and selection of the most therapeutically effective cell populations

He, H., & Nagamura-Inoue, T. (2014). Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Their advantages and potential clinical utility. World Journal of Stem Cells, 6(2), 195-202. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3999777/

Wharton’s Jelly: The Source of UC-MSCs

Umbilical Cord-Derived Wharton’s Jelly for Regenerative Medicine Applications
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 2020
This comprehensive study evaluated Wharton’s jelly formulations and found numerous growth factors including IGFBP 1-6, TGF-α, and PDGF-AA. Immunomodulatory cytokines (RANTES, IL-6R, IL-16), anti-inflammatory factors (TNF-RI, TNF-RII, IL-1RA), and wound healing cytokines (ICAM-1, G-CSF, GDF-15) were detected. High concentrations of hyaluronic acid and extracellular vesicles were present. The amount of these factors was higher compared to other biologic sources.
Read Full Study →

Gupta, A., El-Amin, S. F., Levy, H. J., et al. (2020). PMID: 32054483

Clinical Evidence: Osteoarthritis & Joint Conditions

Efficacy and Safety of MSCs in Knee Osteoarthritis: Meta-Analysis of RCTs
Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2025
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found MSCs significantly improved WOMAC scores, VAS pain scores, and KOOS outcomes. High-dose treatments (1×10⁸ cells) showed greater effects in early-stage OA. UC-MSCs demonstrated low immunogenicity and high efficacy due to superior proliferation and immunomodulatory properties.
Read Full Study →
Culture-Expanded MSC Therapy: Pathway to Clinical Success in Knee OA
Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2023
Review of 15 RCTs and 11 non-randomized trials (610 patients) found net positive effects on pain mitigation and cartilage protection. 12 of 15 RCTs showed improvement relative to baseline, 11 of 15 showed improvement versus controls. Study identified dose, tissue origin, and patient phenotype as key effectiveness parameters.
Read Full Study →
Systematic Review: MSCs for Early to Moderate Knee OA
PMC Database, 2023
Analysis of 12 studies comprising 539 patients (576 knees) showed that single intra-articular MSC injection is safe, reliable, and effective for Kellgren-Lawrence grade I-III knee OA. Improvements observed in patient-reported outcomes, knee function, pain relief, and quality of life.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Therapy: A Review
PMC Database, 2021
UC-MSCs showed higher proliferation capacity, active differentiation ability, and superior immunomodulatory capacity compared with BM-MSCs. Clinical trials demonstrated pain relief and recovery of daily activities. Cell-treatment groups showed better improvement scores with no recurrence of knee pain during follow-up.
Read Full Study →

Clinical Evidence: Rheumatoid Arthritis & Autoimmune Conditions

Landmark Clinical Trial Results (2013)

Randomized controlled trial with 172 rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving 40 million UC-MSCs IV demonstrated:

  • Zero serious adverse events
  • 100% of patients showed improvement
  • TNF-α (primary inflammatory cytokine) decreased by 50% after one treatment
  • Second treatment at 3 months produced total 75% reduction in TNF-α
  • Therapeutic effects persisted for at least 8 months
  • IL-6 and other inflammatory markers remained suppressed throughout follow-up

Long-term outcomes: Many patients remain medication-free years after a single treatment. Some patients require retreatment, but rheumatoid arthritis consistently shows high response rates with UC-MSC therapy.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
PMC Database, 2021
MSCs suppress activation of natural killer cells and maturation of dendritic cells; inhibit proliferation of T and B cells; promote macrophage polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype; and induce generation of T regulatory cells. Immunomodulatory effects mediated through both cell-cell contact and soluble factors including TGF-β, HGF, PGE2, HLA-G5, IDO, NO, and IL-10.
Read Full Study →
Recent Developments in MSC Treatment for RA and OA
Frontiers in Immunology, 2021
Clinical MSC trials in RA patients displayed optimistic outcomes. Study with 136 RA patients receiving 4.0 × 10⁷ UC-MSCs showed significant improvements. Allogeneic MSCs demonstrated more successful results in autoimmune disorders compared to autologous MSCs in animal models.
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Clinical Progress in MSC Therapy: Focus on Rheumatic Diseases
PMC Database, 2024
Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests MSC therapy can reduce inflammation, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue repair in various rheumatic diseases. Clinical trials demonstrated potential benefits including symptom relief and disease progression delay. UC-MSC infusion showed pain alleviation and reduction in disease severity scores.
Read Full Study →

Comprehensive UC-MSC Research & Applications

Human Umbilical Cord MSCs: A New Era for Stem Cell Therapy
Cell Transplantation, 2015
UC-MSCs have painless collection and faster self-renewal properties compared to bone marrow stem cells. They can differentiate into three germ layers, promote tissue repair, and modulate immune responses. Non-controversial sources with anti-cancer properties. Can serve as feeder layers for embryonic stem cells.
Read Full Study →
Umbilical Cord MSCs: From Bench to Bedside
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2022
119 clinical trials using UC-MSCs identified on ClinicalTrials.gov. UC-MSCs’ immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative characteristics account for most therapeutic applications. Recent clinical trials demonstrated importance in treating numerous diseases with positive safety profiles.
Read Full Study →
UC-MSCs: A Promising Candidate for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products
Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2021
UC-MSCs emerge as perspective for therapeutic use in immune and inflammatory diseases. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, associated with fewer ethical, availability, and safety issues, position UC-MSCs as promising active substance to develop medicinal products. Since 2007, UC-MSC-based products classified as ATMPs in Europe.
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What is the Impact of HUC-MSC Transplantation on Clinical Treatment?
Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 2020
HUC-MSCs are self-renewing and multipotent, capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes with ability to secrete cytokines. Noninvasive harvesting and low immunogenicity provide unique advantages. HUC-MSCs widely used in clinical practice with demonstrated therapeutic progress.
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Biological Characteristics of UC-MSCs and Therapeutic Potential
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2021
UC-MSCs possess highly self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation potential, and low immunogenicity. Application in tissue engineering and gene therapy achieved significant results. Ability to support hematopoietic microenvironment and suppress immune system shows great potential in treatment of hematological diseases.
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Umbilical Cord Tissue: Robust Source for MSCs
Scientific Reports, 2020
UC tissue MSCs display greater yield, higher purity, shorter culture time, and lower rates of senescence compared to cord blood MSCs. UC tissue MSCs differentiate more robustly into muscle than UCB MSCs. Enhanced myogenic potential makes them superior for regenerative applications.
Read Full Study →

Additional Clinical Applications

Role of UC-MSCs in Skin Rejuvenation
npj Regenerative Medicine, 2024
UC-MSCs have powerful paracrine function and ability to secrete various cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes to promote tissue regeneration and inhibit inflammatory response. Derived from wider range of sources with no ethical or safety challenges. Easier to obtain, expand, and store than other MSC sources.
Read Full Study →
Efficacy and Safety in Refractory Immune Thrombocytopenia
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2024
Phase I trial with 18 patients showed UC-MSCs capitalized on low immunogenicity and potent immunomodulatory effects. Demonstrated feasibility as auxiliary or emergency treatment option with acceptable safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in autoimmune disorders.
Read Full Study →

Safety Profile of UC-MSC Therapy

Established Safety Record

  • Multiple large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated zero serious adverse events related to UC-MSC administration
  • Most common side effects are mild and temporary: flu-like symptoms, minor injection site reactions, temporary fatigue
  • Properly sourced, tested, and administered MSCs under medical oversight have a strong safety profile
  • Donor screening, infectious disease testing, endotoxin testing, and quarantine protocols ensure product safety
  • No evidence of tumor formation or ectopic tissue growth in properly manufactured UC-MSC products

Important Note: Safety is dependent on proper manufacturing, quality control, and medical oversight. Patients should seek treatment from facilities with established protocols, regulatory compliance, and documented safety records.

Expert Perspective: Dr. Neil Riordan

Dr. Neil Riordan, founder of the Stem Cell Institute in Panama, has been at the forefront of UC-MSC research and clinical application since 2007. With over 15 years of experience treating thousands of patients, his insights on autoimmune conditions are particularly noteworthy:

Clinical Insights on Treatment Outcomes

Rheumatoid Arthritis: “Almost everybody gets better and with one treatment they don’t have to come back… I love that disease” – Dr. Riordan notes this is among the most responsive conditions to UC-MSC therapy.

Multiple Sclerosis: Response varies based on disease progression. Relapsing-remitting MS typically responds better than secondary progressive disease. Some patients require periodic retreatment while others achieve long-term remission.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Several cases achieved remission with single treatment; others required multiple treatments depending on disease severity and duration.

Heart Failure: Specific types of heart failure respond remarkably well, often “one and done” treatments with sustained improvement.

Food Intolerances: Documented cases of severe food sensitivities resolving after UC-MSC treatment, including patients restricted to only 3 foods returning to normal diets years after treatment.

Additional Research Resources

For those interested in diving deeper into the scientific literature, the following resources provide comprehensive information:

  • ClinicalTrials.gov: Search “umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells” to find ongoing and completed clinical trials
  • PubMed/NCBI: Access to full database of published medical research on MSCs and regenerative medicine
  • Dr. Riordan’s Book: “Stem Cell Therapy: A Rising Tide” provides accessible education on stem cell therapy for general audiences

Interested in Learning More?

Our team is available to discuss your specific condition and whether UC-MSC therapy might be appropriate for you. Schedule a consultation to review your medical history with our physicians.

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